In side impacts, some of the more serious injuries occur when the force of a crash drives a door into an occupant. All 1997 and later model passenger cars must meet federal side impact crash test requirements intended to address this problem. Vans, pickups, and utility vehicles were not required to meet this standard until the 1999 model year, though many did prior to the deadline. Manufacturers typically have used extra padding to meet this standard, but some also are installing side air bags to protect drivers and right front passengers. Side air bags were fist introduced in some 1997 models including the Audi A8, BMW 5- and 7-series, Cadillac Catera and DeVille, Lexus LS 400, Mercedes E,S,SL classes, and all Volvos.